Problematika Kisah Penciptaan Bumi dan Langit di Quran


A. PENGANTAR
Islam yang mengkritisi data Taurat di dalam Alkitab mengenai penciptaan artinya dia tidak mengerti ayat-ayat Quran mereka sendiri dan keterkaitan tafsir dan asbabun nuzul Quran. Ada banyak ayat yang akan kita lihat bersama dalam tulisan ini untuk mendapatkan gambaran lengkap mengenai latar belakang dan makna dituliskannya kisah penciptaan di dalam Quran.

B. KATA ARAB “YAWM” MERUJUK PADA DEFINISI MASA (PERIODE) ATAU HARI (24 JAM)?
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan itu kita harus melihat asbabun nuzul Quran (1), yaitu: asbabun nuzul QS 50:38-39.

QS 50:38-39 (Qaaf - Qaaf, Urutan Turun Quran: 34, Makkiyah)
38. walaqad khalaqnaa alssamaawaati waal-ardha wamaa baynahumaa fii sittati ayyaamin wamaa massanaa min lughuubin 39. faishbir 'alaa maa yaquuluuna wasabbih bihamdi rabbika qabla thuluu'i alsysyamsi waqabla alghuruubi
38. Dan sesungguhnya telah Kami ciptakan langit dan bumi dan apa yang ada antara keduanya dalam enam masa, dan Kami sedikitpun tidak ditimpa keletihan. 39. Maka bersabarlah kamu terhadap apa yang mereka katakan dan bertasbihlah sambil memuji Tuhanmu sebelum terbit matahari dan sebelum terbenam(nya).

Asbab Al-Nuzul by Al-Wahidi
(And verily We created the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them, in six Days, and naught of weariness touched Us) [50:38]. Al-Hasan and Qatadah said: "The Jews said: "Allah created the creation in six days and rested on the seventh, Saturday", which they call the Sabbath, and so Allah, exalted is He, revealed this verse". Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tamimi informed us> "Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Ja"far al-Hafiz> Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan> Hannad ibn al-Sari> Abu Bakr ibn "Ayyash> Abu Sa"d al-Baqqal> "Ikrimah> Ibn "Abbas who said: "The Jews came to the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, and asked him about the creation of the heavens and earth. He said to them: "Allah created the earth on Sunday and Monday; He created the mountains [and what they contain of benefits] on Tuesday; He created the trees and water on Wednesday; He created heaven on Thursday; on Friday, He created the stars, sun and moon". "And what after that, O Muhammad?" the Jews asked. He said: "Then, He established Himself on the Throne". They said: "You would have answered correctly, if you added: and then He rested". The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, was furious. This verse was then revealed (And verily We created the heavens and the earth, and all that is between them, in six Days, and naught of weariness touched Us. Therefor (O Muhammad) bear with what they say) [50:38-39]".

Berdasarkan asbabun nuzul yang kita baca di atas, kita dapat mengetahui bahwa terminologi yawm yang digunakan Quran untuk menyebutkan “penciptaan 6 hari” adalah betul merujuk pada penamaan hari-hari dalam seminggu (kecuali hari sabtu). Jadi adalah kebodohan menganggap yawm di Quran merujuk pada satuan “masa” dan bukan merujuk pada identifikasi penamaan hari seperti yang bisa Anda lihat dalam asbabun nuzulnya. Quran mengkritisi bukan pada fakta bahwa langit dan bumi ini diciptakan dalam waktu enam hari, bukan masa, yang dimulai dari hari Minggu hingga hari ke enam yaitu Jumat. Quran mengkritisi pernyataan Yahudi sewaktu mereka berkata: "You would have answered correctly, if you added: and then He rested". Jika Anda memaksakan kata yawm di Quran merujuk pada satuan “masa” dan bukan pada “hari” maka ini menjadi kontraproduktif karena secara asbabun nuzul, nabi Muhammad tidak mengkritisi pernyataan Yahudi yang menyatakan Allah menciptakan langit dan bumi ini selama 6 hari (dengan penamaan nama-nama hari).

Argumen yang lain bisa kita temukan ketika Ibn Kathir dalam tafsir QS 2:29 mengutip penjelasan dari QS 41:10 sudah menyatakan dengan sangat terang bahwa: Kalimat dalam QS 41:10 “…fii arba'ati ayyaamin sawaa-an lilssaa-iliina” ini merujuk pada waktu yang sama yang digunakan oleh orang-orang yang bertanya di konteks turunnya QS 41:10 (i.e. all these four `days' were equal in the length of time) for all those who ask (about its creation) (2). Jalalayn pun menegaskan hal yang sama di dalam tafsir QS 7:54, "Surely your Lord is God, Who created the heavens and the earth in six days, of the days of this world, that is to say, in the equivalent thereof, since there was no sun then. ..." (3)

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Footnote
(1) http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/50.38
(2) http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/2.29
(3) http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/7.54

C. BUMI SEBELUM DIHAMPARKAN, LANGIT SEBELUM DITINGGIKAN (1)
QS 21:30 (Al-Anbiyaa - Nabi-Nabi, Urutan Turun Quran: 73, Makkiyah)
awa lam yaraa alladziina kafaruu anna alssamaawaati waal-ardha kaanataa ratqan fafataqnaahumaa WAJA'ALNAA MINA ALMAA-I KULLA SYAY-IN HAYYIN afalaa yu/minuuna
Dan apakah orang-orang yang kafir tidak mengetahui bahwasanya langit dan bumi itu keduanya dahulu adalah suatu yang padu, kemudian Kami pisahkan antara keduanya. DAN DARI AIR KAMI JADIKAN SEGALA SESUATU YANG HIDUP. Maka mengapakah mereka tiada juga beriman?

Berdasarkan ayat tersebut kita mengetahui bahwa segala sesuatu yang diciptakan Allah menurut Quran berasal dari air. Kita akan mencek apakah benar sebelum Bumi ini dihamparkan dan sebelum Langit ini ditinggikan, yang ada adalah hanya air?

c.1. BUMI SEBELUM DIHAMPARKAN: AIR

QS 79:30-31 (An-Naziat - Malaikat yang Mencabut, Urutan Turun Quran: 81, Makkiyah)
waal-ardha ba'da dzaalika DAHAAHAA AKHRAJA MINHAA MAA-AHAA wamar'aahaa
Dan bumi sesudah itu DIHAMPARKAN-NYA. IA MEMANCARKAN DARIPADANYA MATA AIRNYA, dan (menumbuhkan) tumbuh-tumbuhannya.

Ibn ‘Abbâs 79:30
(And after that He spread the earth) even then HE SPREAD IT ON THE WATER; it is also said: 2,000 years after that He spread it on the water,

Jalalayn 79:31
from it He has brought forth (akhraja: a circumstantial qualifier with a suppressed [preceding] qad, that is to say, mukhrijan, ‘BRINGING FORTH [FROM IT]’) ITS WATERS, ...

Kathir 79:31
... (And brought forth therefrom its water and its pasture.) It already has been mentioned previously in Surat Ha Mim As-Sajdah that the earth was created before the heaven was created, but it was only spread out after the creation of the heaven. This means that He brought out what was in it with a forceful action. THIS IS THE MEANING OF WHAT WAS SAID BY IBN `ABBAS AND OTHERS, AND IT WAS THE EXPLANATION PREFERRED BY IBN JARIR. ...

Ibn Kathir 2:29
(And the earth, after that, He spread it out. And brought forth therefrom its water and its pasture. And the mountains He has fixed firmly.) (79:30-32)
Therefore, Daha means that the earth's treasures were brought to its surface after finishing the job of creating whatever will reside on earth and heaven. WHEN THE EARTH BECAME DAHA, THE WATER BURST OUT TO ITS SURFACE AND THE VARIOUS TYPES, COLORS, SHAPES AND KINDS OF PLANTS GREW. …

c.2. LANGIT SEBELUM DITINGGIKAN: AIR (KABUT ASAP)

QS 41:11 (Fushshilat - Yang Dijelaskan, Urutan Turun Quran: 1, Makkiyah)
tsumma istawaa ilaa ALSSAMAA-I WAHIYA DUKHAANUN faqaala lahaa walil-ardhi i/tiyaa thaw'an aw karhan qaalataa ataynaa thaa-i'iina
Kemudian Dia menuju kepada penciptaan langit dan LANGIT ITU MASIH MERUPAKAN ASAP, lalu Dia berkata kepadanya dan kepada bumi: "Datanglah kamu keduanya menurut perintah-Ku dengan suka hati atau terpaksa". Keduanya menjawab: "Kami datang dengan suka hati".

Jalalayn
Then He turned to the heaven when IT WAS SMOKE, [CONSISTING OF] RISING VAPOURS, …

Ibn ‘Abbâs
(Then turned He to the heaven) then He turned to THE CREATION OF THE HEAVEN (WHEN IT WAS SMOKE) STEAM OF WATER, …

Dalam teks Quran yang lain, kata arab: dukha, muncul juga di hanya satu ayat lainnya, yaitu: QS 44:10 “Maka tunggulah hari ketika langit membawa kabut (bidukhaanin) yang nyata,” (2)

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Footnote
(1) Semua tafsir dikutip dari situs http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/1.1
(2) http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=dxn#(41:11:6)

D. BUMI DIHAMPARKAN SEBELUM LANGIT DITINGGIKAN atau BUMI DIHAMPARKAN SETELAH LANGIT DITINGGIKAN? (1)

d.1. BUMI DIHAMPARKAN SEBELUM LANGIT DITINGGIKAN

QS 2:29 (Al-Baqarah - Sapi Betina, Urutan Turun Quran: 87, Madaniyah)
HUWA ALLADZII KHALAQA LAKUM MAA FII AL-ARDHI JAMII'AN TSUMMA ISTAWAA ILAA ALSSAMAA-I FASAWWAAHUNNA SAB'A SAMAAWAATIN wahuwa bikulli syay-in 'aliimun
DIA-LAH ALLAH, YANG MENJADIKAN SEGALA YANG ADA DI BUMI UNTUK KAMU DAN DIA BERKEHENDAK (MENCIPTAKAN) LANGIT, LALU DIJADIKAN-NYA TUJUH LANGIT. Dan Dia Maha Mengetahui segala sesuatu.

Jalalayn
He it is Who created for you all that is in the earth, that is, the earth and all that is in it, so that you may benefit from and learn lessons from it; then, after creating the earth, He turned to, that is, He made His object, heaven and levelled them (fa-sawwāhunna: the pronoun [-hunna] refers to ‘heaven’, since, it [heaven] is implicit in the import of the sentence attributed to it [the pronoun]), that is to say, He made them thus, as [He says] in another verse, [fa-qadāhunna] so He determined them [Q. 41:12]) seven heavens and He has knowledge of all things, in their totality and in their individual detail, so do you not then think that the One who has the power to create this to begin with, which is much greater than what you are, also has the power to bring you back [after death]?

Ibn Kathir
… (He it is Who created for you all that is on earth. Then He Istawa ila the heaven and made them seven heavens) meaning, He turned towards the heaven, (And made them) meaning, that He made the heaven, seven heavens. …

Ibn ‘Abbâs Allah then proceeded to mention His blessings on them, saying (He it is Who created for you), made subservient for you (all that is in the earth) of beasts, plants and other things, as a blessing from Him. (Then turned He to the heaven) i.e. He turned to the creation of the heaven, (and fashioned it as seven heavens) positioning them vertically above the earth. (And He is Knower of all things) regarding the creation of the heavens and earth

QS 41:9-12 (Fushshilat - Yang Dijelaskan, Urutan Turun Quran: 61, Makkiyah)
9. qul a-innakum latakfuruuna bialladzii khalaqa al-ardha fii yawmayni wataj'aluuna lahu andaadan dzaalika rabbu al'aalamiina 10. waja'ala fiihaa rawaasiya min fawqihaa wabaaraka fiihaa waqaddara fiihaa aqwaatahaa fii arba'ati ayyaamin sawaa-an lilssaa-iliina 11. TSUMMA ISTAWAA ILAA ALSSAMAA-I WAHIYA DUKHAANUN faqaala lahaa walil-ardhi i/tiyaa thaw'an aw karhan qaalataa ataynaa thaa-i'iina 12. FAQADAAHUNNA SAB'A SAMAAWAATIN FII YAWMAYNI wa-awhaa fii kulli samaa-in amrahaa wazayyannaa alssamaa-a alddunyaa bimashaabiiha wahifzhan dzaalika taqdiiru al'aziizi al'aliimi
9. Katakanlah: "Sesungguhnya patutkah kamu kafir kepada Yang menciptakan bumi dalam dua masa dan kamu adakan sekutu-sekutu bagiNya? (Yang bersifat) demikian itu adalah Rabb semesta alam". 10. Dan dia menciptakan di bumi itu gunung-gunung yang kokoh di atasnya. Dia memberkahinya dan Dia menentukan padanya kadar makanan-makanan (penghuni)nya dalam empat masa. (Penjelasan itu sebagai jawaban) bagi orang-orang yang bertanya. 11. KEMUDIAN DIA MENUJU KEPADA PENCIPTAAN LANGIT DAN LANGIT ITU MASIH MERUPAKAN ASAP, lalu Dia berkata kepadanya dan kepada bumi: "Datanglah kamu keduanya menurut perintah-Ku dengan suka hati atau terpaksa". Keduanya menjawab: "Kami datang dengan suka hati". 12. MAKA DIA MENJADIKANNYA TUJUH LANGIT DALAM DUA MASA. Dia mewahyukan pada tiap-tiap langit urusannya. Dan Kami hiasi langit yang dekat dengan bintang-bintang yang cemerlang dan Kami memeliharanya dengan sebaik-baiknya. Demikianlah ketentuan Yang Maha Perkasa lagi Maha Mengetahui.

TAFSIR QS 41:9-12

9. qul a-innakum latakfuruuna bialladzii khalaqa al-ardha fii yawmayni wataj'aluuna lahu andaadan dzaalika rabbu al'aalamiina
9. Katakanlah: "Sesungguhnya patutkah kamu kafir kepada Yang menciptakan bumi dalam dua masa dan kamu adakan sekutu-sekutu bagiNya? (Yang bersifat) demikian itu adalah Rabb semesta alam".

Jalalayn
Say: ‘Do you [really] (read a-innakum, pronouncing both hamzas, or by not pronouncing the second one but inserting an alif between the two in both cases) disbelieve in Him Who created the earth in two days, Sunday and Monday, and ascribe to Him associates? That is the Lord, in other words, the Possesser, of [all] the Worlds (al-‘ālamīn, the plural of ‘ālam, which denotes everything apart from God. On account of the variety [of beings] that it subsumes, it has been expressed in the plural form ending with –īn, as a way of giving prevalence [in the address] to rational beings).

Ibn Kathir 9-12
… ((He) created the earth in two Days) means, ON SUNDAY AND MONDAY. (He placed therein firm mountains from above it, and He blessed it,) means, He blessed it and gave it the potential to be planted with seeds and bring forth produce. (And measured therein its sustenance) means, what its people need of provision and places in which to plant things and grow crops. THIS WAS ON TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY, which together with the two previous days add up to four days. (in four Days equal for all those who ask.) meaning, for those who want to ask about that, so that they might know. `Ikrimah and Mujahid said concerning the Ayah: (and measured therein its sustenance): "He placed in every land that which is not suited for any other land.'' Ibn `Abbas, Qatadah and As-Suddi said, concerning the Ayah, (equal for all those who ask): this means, "For whoever wants to ask about that.'' Ibn Zayd said: (and measured therein its sustenance in four Days equal for all those who ask. ) "According to whatever a person who is need of provision wants, Allah measures out for him what he needs.'' This is like what they said concerning the Ayah: (And He gave you of all that you asked for) (14:34). And Allah knows best. THEN He rose over (Istawa ila) towards the heaven when it was smoke,) i.e., steam which arose from it when the earth was created. and said to it and to the earth: "Come both of you willingly or unwillingly.'') meaning, `respond to My command and be subjected to this action, willingly or unwillingly.'(They both said: "We come willingly.'') meaning, `we will respond to You willingly and everything that You want to create in us -- angels, Jinn and men -- will all be obedient to You.'(Then He completed and finished their creation (as) seven heavens in two Days) means, HE FINISHED FORMING THEM AS SEVEN HEAVENS IN TWO MORE DAYS, WHICH WERE THURSDAY AND FRIDAY. (and He decreed in each heaven its affair. ) means, He placed in each heaven whatever it needs of angels and things which are known only unto Him. …

10. waja'ala fiihaa rawaasiya min fawqihaa wabaaraka fiihaa waqaddara fiihaa aqwaatahaa fii arba'ati ayyaamin sawaa-an lilssaa-iliina
10. Dan dia menciptakan di bumi itu gunung-gunung yang kokoh di atasnya. Dia memberkahinya dan Dia menentukan padanya kadar makanan-makanan (penghuni)nya dalam empat masa. (Penjelasan itu sebagai jawaban) bagi orang-orang yang bertanya.

Jalalayn
And He set (wa-ja‘ala, the beginning of a new [independent] sentence and cannot be a supplement to [the preceding] relative clause containing alladhī, ‘Who’, because of the intervening clause that is [syntactically] unrelated) therein firm mountains [rising] above it, and blessed it, with an abundance of water, crops and stock, and ordained, divided, therein its [various means of] sustenance, for human beings and beasts, in four, complete, days — in other words, the ‘setting therein [of mountains]’ together with what has been mentioned in addition [all] took place on Tuesday and Wednesday — evenly (sawā’an, in the accusative because it is a verbal noun) in other words, the four days were exactly four, neither less nor more, for [all] enquirers, about the creation of the earth and all that is in it.

Ibn Kathir
Ibid.

11. KEMUDIAN DIA MENUJU KEPADA PENCIPTAAN LANGIT DAN LANGIT ITU MASIH MERUPAKAN ASAP, lalu Dia berkata kepadanya dan kepada bumi: "Datanglah kamu keduanya menurut perintah-Ku dengan suka hati atau terpaksa". Keduanya menjawab: "Kami datang dengan suka hati".
11. TSUMMA ISTAWAA ILAA ALSSAMAA-I WAHIYA DUKHAANUN faqaala lahaa walil-ardhi i/tiyaa thaw'an aw karhan qaalataa ataynaa thaa-i'iina

Jalalayn
Then He turned to the heaven when it was smoke, [consisting of] rising vapours, and He said to it and to the earth, “Come both of you, to what I desire from you, willingly, or unwillingly!” (taw‘an aw karhan, their [syntactical] locus is that of a circumstantial qualifier, in other words, ‘[Come] being obedient or coerced’). They said, “We come, together with all those inhabiting us, willingly!” (tā’i‘īna mainly indicates masculine rational beings; it may also be that they are referred to in this way because they are being addressed thus).

Ibn Kathir
Ibid.

d.2. BUMI DIHAMPARKAN SETELAH LANGIT DITINGGIKAN

QS 79:27-33 (An-Naziat - Malaikat yang Mencabut, Urutan Turun Quran: 81, Makkiyah)
27. a-antum asyaddu khalqan ami ALSSAMAAU BANAAHAA 28. RAFA'A SAMKAHAA FASAWWAAHAA 29. wa-aghthasya laylahaa wa-akhraja dhuhaahaa 30. WAAL-ARDHA BA'DA DZAALIKA DAHAAHAA 31. akhraja minhaa maa-ahaa wamar'aahaa 32. waaljibaala arsaahaa 33. mataa'an lakum wali-an'aamikum
27. Apakah kamu lebih sulit penciptaanya ataukah LANGIT? ALLAH TELAH MEMBINANYA, 28. DIA MENINGGIKAN BANGUNANNYA LALU MENYEMPURNAKANNYA, 29. dan Dia menjadikan malamnya gelap gulita, dan menjadikan siangnya terang benderang. 30. DAN BUMI SESUDAH ITU DIHAMPARKAN-NYA. 31. Ia memancarkan daripadanya mata airnya, dan (menumbuhkan) tumbuh-tumbuhannya. 32. Dan gunung-gunung dipancangkan-Nya dengan teguh, 33. (semua itu) untuk kesenanganmu dan untuk binatang-binatang ternakmu.

TAFSIR QS 79:30

30. WAAL-ARDHA BA'DA DZAALIKA DAHAAHAA
30. DAN BUMI SESUDAH ITU DIHAMPARKAN-NYA.

Jalalayn
and after that He spread out the earth: He made it flat, for it had been created before the heaven, but without having been spread out;

Ibn ‘Abbâs
(And after that He spread the earth) even then He spread it on the water; …

Ibn Kathir
… Then Allah says, (And after that He spread the earth,) He explains this statement by the statement that follows it, (And brought forth therefrom its water and its pasture.) It already has been mentioned previously in Surat Ha Mim As-Sajdah that the earth was created before the heaven was created, but it was only spread out after the creation of the heaven. …

E. UJI MATERI

- Kapankah matahari diciptakan Allah Swt menurut QS 79: 27-33 dan QS 41:10-12, QS 2:29?
Jika merujuk pada QS 79:27-33 penciptaan matahari terletak SEBELUM bumi disebutkan mulai tumbuh tetumbuhan dan mulai dipancangkan gunung. Sedangkan jika merujuk pada QS 41:10-12 penciptaan matahari terletak SETELAH bumi disebutkan mulai tumbuh tetumbuhan (ayat 10) karena di saat itu langit masih berupa asap.

- Kapankah tumbuh-tumbuhan diciptakan Allah Swt menurut QS 79: 27-33 dan QS 41:10-12, QS 2:29?
Jika merujuk pada QS 79:27-33 penciptaan tetumbuhan terletak SETELAH LANGIT DITINGGIKAN (dengan sempurna, bukan hanya berupa asap). Sedangkan jika merujuk pada QS 41:10-12 penciptaan tetumbuhan terletak SEBELUM LANGIT DITINGGIKAN (dengan sempurna, bukan hanya berupa asap).

QS 71:15-16 (Nuh - Nabi Nuh, Urutan Turun Quran: 71, Makkiyah)
alam taraw kayfa khalaqa allaahu sab'a samaawaatin thibaaqaan waja'ala alqamara fiihinna nuuran waja'ala alsysyamsa siraajaan
Tidakkah kamu perhatikan bagaimana Allah telah menciptakan tujuh langit bertingkat-tingkat? Dan Allah menciptakan padanya bulan sebagai cahaya dan menjadikan matahari sebagai pelita?

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Footnote
(1) Semua tafsir dikutip dari http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/1.1 Sila Anda temukan cross-ceck sendiri dengan membaca tafsir di situs tersebut.