Anda tentu sering mendengar ini, "Muhammad berhasil meng-Islam-kan Arab, sedangkan Isa tidak sanggup meng-Kristen-kan Israel". Pernyataan itu salah dan tidak sesuai dengan (klaim) Quran.A. PENGANTAR
B. DALIL QURAN
QS 61:14 (Ash-Shaaf - Barisan, Urutan Turun Quran: 109, Madaniyah)
yaa ayyuhaa alladziina aamanuu kuunuu anshaara allaahi kamaa qaala ‘iisaa ibnu maryama lilhawaariyyiina man anshaarii ilaa allaahi qaala alhawaariyyuuna nahnu anshaaru allaahi faaamanat thaa-ifatun min banii israa-iila wakafarat thaa-ifatun FA-AYYADNAA ALLADZIINA AAMANUU ‘ALAA ‘ADUWWIHIM FA-ASHBAHUU ZHAAHIRIINA
Hai orang-orang yang beriman, jadilah kamu penolong (agama) Allah sebagaimana Isa ibnu Maryam telah berkata kepada pengikut-pengikutnya yang setia: “Siapakah yang akan menjadi penolong-penolongku (untuk menegakkan agama) Allah?” Pengikut-pengikut yang setia itu berkata: “Kamilah penolong-penolong agama Allah”, lalu segolongan dari Bani Israil beriman dan segolongan lain kafir; MAKA KAMI BERIKAN KEKUATAN KEPADA ORANG-ORANG-ORANG YANG BERIMAN TERHADAP MUSUH-MUSUH MEREKA, LALU MEREKA MENJADI ORANG-ORANG-ORANG YANG MENANG.
yaa ayyuhaa alladziina aamanuu kuunuu anshaara allaahi kamaa qaala ‘iisaa ibnu maryama lilhawaariyyiina man anshaarii ilaa allaahi qaala alhawaariyyuuna nahnu anshaaru allaahi faaamanat thaa-ifatun min banii israa-iila wakafarat thaa-ifatun FA-AYYADNAA ALLADZIINA AAMANUU ‘ALAA ‘ADUWWIHIM FA-ASHBAHUU ZHAAHIRIINA
Hai orang-orang yang beriman, jadilah kamu penolong (agama) Allah sebagaimana Isa ibnu Maryam telah berkata kepada pengikut-pengikutnya yang setia: “Siapakah yang akan menjadi penolong-penolongku (untuk menegakkan agama) Allah?” Pengikut-pengikut yang setia itu berkata: “Kamilah penolong-penolong agama Allah”, lalu segolongan dari Bani Israil beriman dan segolongan lain kafir; MAKA KAMI BERIKAN KEKUATAN KEPADA ORANG-ORANG-ORANG YANG BERIMAN TERHADAP MUSUH-MUSUH MEREKA, LALU MEREKA MENJADI ORANG-ORANG-ORANG YANG MENANG.
Ibn Abbas (1)C. TAFSIR
(O ye who believe) in Muhammad (pbuh) and the Qur'an! (Be Allah's helpers) be helpers to Muhammad (pbuh) against his enemies; it is also said this means: be Allah's helpers against His enemies, (even as Jesus son of Mary said unto the disciples: Who are my helpers for Allah) who are my helpers, along with Allah, against His enemies? (They said) his disciples said: (We are Allah's helpers) we are your helpers, along with Allah, against His enemies. They were 12 male disciples, the first to believe in him and help him against his enemies. All of these men were believers. (And a party of the Children of Israel believed) in Jesus the son of Mary, (while a party disbelieved) in Jesus son of Mary. This is the party that was led astray by Paul and did not believe in him. (Then We strengthened) We helped and fortified (those who believed) in Jesus the son of Mary and did not oppose his religion (against their foe) those who opposed the religion of Jesus, (and they became the uppermost) in argument against their foes because of their prayer to Allah, and it is also said because they were among those who glorified Allah'.
Jalalayn (2)
O you who believe be helpers of God of His religion a variant reading of ansāran li’Llāhi has the genitive annexation ansāra’Llāhi just as said kamā qāla to the end of the statement means ‘just as the disciples were so’ as is indicated by what follows Jesus son of Mary to the disciples ‘Who will be my helpers unto God?’ that is to say who of you will be helpers alongside me turning to help God? The disciples said ‘We will be God’s helpers!’ These al-hawāriyyūn were the intimates of Jesus for they were the first to believe in him. They were twelve men of pure white complexion hawar; but it is also said that their epithet derives from the fact that they were bleachers qassārūn who bleached yuhawwirūna clothes. So a group of the Children of Israel believed in Jesus saying ‘He is indeed the servant of God who has been raised to heaven’ while a group disbelieved because they said that he was the son of God whom He had raised unto Himself. Thus the two groups waged war against one another. Then We strengthened those who believed of the two groups against their enemy the disbelieving groups and so they became the triumphant the victors.
Ibn Kathir (3)
Allah gives Victory to the Believing Group
Allah said, (So, We gave power to those who believed against their enemies,) vthat is, `We gave them victory over the group of Christians which defied them,' (and they became the victorious (uppermost).) `over the disbelieving group, when We sent Muhammad.' Imam Abu Ja`far bin Jarir At-Tabari reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "When Allah decided to raise `Isa to heaven, `Isa went to his companions while drops of water were dripping from his head. At that time, there were twelve men at the house. `Isa said to them, `Some of you will disbelieve in me twelve times after having believed in me.' He then asked, `Who among you volunteers that he be made to resemble me and be killed instead of me; he will be with me in my place (in Paradise).' One of the youngest men present volunteered, but `Isa commanded him to sit down. `Isa repeated his statement and the young man again stood up and volunteered, and `Isa again told him to sit down. `Isa repeated the same statement and the young man volunteered. This time, `Isa said, `Then it will be you.' The appearance of `Isa was cast upon that young man, while `Isa, peace be on him, was raised to heaven through an opening in the roof of the house. The Jews came looking for `Isa and arrested the one that appeared as him, killing him by crucifixion. Some of them disbelieved in `Isa twelve times, after they had believed in him. They divided into three groups. One group, Al-Ya`qubiyyah (the Jacobites), said, `Allah remained with us as much as He willed and then ascended to heaven.' Another group, An-Nasturiyyah (the Nestorians), said, `Allah's son remained with us as much as Allah willed and He then rasied him up to heaven.' A third group said, `Allah's servant and Messenger remained with us as much as Allah willed and then Allah raised him up to Him.' The last group was the Muslim group. The two disbelieving groups collaborated against the Muslim group and annihilated it. Islam remained unjustly concealed until Allah sent Muhammad,
(Then a group of the Children of Israel believed and a group disbelieved.) This Ayah refers to the group among the Children of Israel that disbelieved and the group that believed, during the time of `Isa, (So, We gave power to those who believed against their enemies, and they became the victorious (uppermost).) through the victory that Muhammad gained over the religion of the disbelievers, which brought the dominance of their religion.'' This is the wording in his book for the Tafsir of this honorable Ayah. Similarly, An-Nasa'i collected this statement of Ibn `Abbas in his Sunan. Therefore, the Ummah of Muhammad will always be prevalent on the truth until Allah's command (the Final Hour) commences, while they are on this path. The last group of them will fight against Ad-Dajjal along with `Isa, peace be on him, according to Hadiths in the authentic collections. This is the end of the Tafsir of Surat As-Saff. All praise and thanks are due to Allah.
Perlu diperhatikan sedari awal, QS 61:14 mengisahkan dua konteks. Konteks yang pertama adalah nabi Muhammad yang mengajak orang-orang Islam menjadi penolong agama Allah. Konteks pertama ini kemudian "diparalelkan" dengan konteks kedua, yaitu: sebagaimana Isa pun (dahulu) ditolong oleh para sahabatnya.D. PEMBAHASAN
Hal kedua yang perlu Anda perhatikan adalah multitafsir dalam memaknai kalimat "MAKA KAMI BERIKAN KEKUATAN KEPADA ORANG-ORANG-ORANG YANG BERIMAN TERHADAP MUSUH-MUSUH MEREKA, LALU MEREKA MENJADI ORANG-ORANG-ORANG YANG MENANG." Kalimat itu merujuk ke mana? Kepada umat beriman di zaman Muhammad sajakah? Kepada umat beriman di zaman Isa kah? Atau kepada umat beriman di zaman Muhammad dan Isa?
Di sini Anda akan melihat "kecerdasan" Ibn Kathir dalam membahasakan dan menafsirkan kalimat tersebut. Sebelumnya, Anda perlu mengetahui bahwa tafsir Kathir sangat berbeda dengan tafsir Jalalayn dan Abbas. Baik Jalalayn maupun Abbas memahami bahwa maksud kalimat "MAKA KAMI BERIKAN KEKUATAN KEPADA ORANG-ORANG-ORANG YANG BERIMAN TERHADAP MUSUH-MUSUH MEREKA, LALU MEREKA MENJADI ORANG-ORANG-ORANG YANG MENANG." adalah merujuk pada umat beriman di zaman Isa (lihat tafsir).
Di sini, keberadaan QS 61:14 adalah mengajak umat beriman di zaman Muhammad untuk ikut serta menolong (agama) Allah. Artinya, umat Muhammad saat itu berada dalam semangat yang kurang dalam keinginan untuk ikut serta dalam menolong nabi mempertahankan (atau memperluas) ajaran Islam. Peperangan umat Islam melawan kaum kafir Mekkah belum selesai saat QS 61:14 turun. Untuk itulah nabi Muhammad mengangkat semangat kaum beriman untuk ikut serta menolong seperti apa yang telah terjadi ketika Isa ditolong oleh para muridnya.
Persoalannya, dari perspektif "menang-kalah", pengikut Isa yang diklaim sebagai "umat beriman yang muslim" ini tidak pernah menjadi seperti yang disebut dalam QS 61:14 MAKA KAMI BERIKAN KEKUATAN KEPADA ORANG-ORANG-ORANG YANG BERIMAN TERHADAP MUSUH-MUSUH MEREKA, LALU MEREKA MENJADI ORANG-ORANG-ORANG YANG MENANG. Klaim umat nasrani muslim yang menang ini tidak pernah terjadi dalam sejarah. Nasrani Muslim ini dalam sejarah pernah menang terhadap siapa? Yahudi? Tidak. Bahkan dengan kaum "Nasrani Trinitarian" pun mereka tidak menang (berbanding terbalik dengan klaim Abbas dan Jalalayn).
Itulah sebabnya Theos menyebut Kathir cerdas.
Kathir sadar bahwa Nasrani Muslim yang diklaim Quran ini tidak pernah menjadi "umat yang menang" dalam sejarah. Mari kita baca kembali tafsir Kathir:
" ... (Then a group of the Children of Israel believed and a group disbelieved.) This Ayah refers to the group among the Children of Israel that disbelieved and the group that believed, during the time of `Isa, (So, We gave power to those who believed against their enemies, and they became the victorious (uppermost).) through the victory that Muhammad gained over the religion of the disbelievers, which brought the dominance of their religion.''
Cerdas!
Kathir tahu bahwa Nasrani Muslim (seperti yang diklaim dikenakan pada Arius dll dalam sejarah) tidak pernah menang melawan Nasrani Rasuli yang Trinitarian. Itulah sebabnya Kathir menarik jauh hingga ke zaman Muhammad dan meninggalkan kenyataan umat beriman di zaman Isa (berbeda dengan pemaknaan Abbas dan Jalalayn) dengan menyatakan bahwa "kemenangan umat beriman itu baru terjadi di zaman Muhammad kelak".
Mengkritisi pemahaman Kathir, sangat tidak relevan mengabaikan fakta sejarah bahwa umat beriman di zaman isa yang diklaim sebagai "nasrani muslim" tidak memenangkan apa-apa. Ini tidak akan 'nyambung' dengan semangat QS 61:14 yang digunakan untuk menyemangati umat Islam di zaman Muhammad untuk ikut serta dalam menolong (agama) Allah karena 'role-model' kaum beriman nasrani muslim yang disebut dalam ayat tersebut ternyata tidak memenangkan apa-apa.
Ketika memaknai QS 61:14, Theos sepakat dengan Jalalayn dan Abbas yang menyatakan bahwa "Allah memberikan kemenangan kepada umat beriman di zaman Isa". Namun jelas ini tidak sesuai dengan kenyataaan sejarah.
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Footnote
(1) http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=73&tSoraNo=61&tAyahNo=14&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2
(2) http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=61&tAyahNo=14&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2
(3) http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/61.14