Shaddiq: Membenarkan Bukan Merevisi | QS 2:91 - Mushaddiqan Limaa Ma'ahum

A. PENGANTAR
Quran acapkali menggunakan kata "shaddiq, membenarkan" dalam mengutarakan pandangannya terutama ketika Muhammad secara intens bergaul dengan komunitas Yahudi di Madinah. Apa maksudnya ketika Quran menyatakan dirinya "shaddiq, membenarkan"? Umat Islam umumnya akan ber-eisegese dengan menyebutkan bahwa itu adalah pernyataan bahwa Quran "merevisi" Taurat (dan Injil).

B. DALIL QURAN
QS 2:91 (Al-Baqarah - Sapi Betina, Urutan Turun Quran: 87, Madaniyah)
wa-idzaa qiila lahum aaminuu bimaa anzala allaahu qaaluu nu/minu bimaa unzila 'alaynaa wayakfuruuna bimaa waraa-ahu wahuwa alhaqqu MUSHADDIQAN LIMAA MA'AHUM qul falima taqtuluuna anbiyaa-a allaahi min qablu in kuntum mu/miniina
Dan apabila dikatakan kepada mereka: "Berimanlah kepada Al Qur'an yang diturunkan Allah," mereka berkata: "Kami hanya beriman kepada apa yang diturunkan kepada kami". Dan mereka kafir kepada Al Qur'an yang diturunkan sesudahnya, sedang Al Qur'an itu adalah (Kitab) yang hak; yang MEMBENARKAN APA YANG ADA PADA MEREKA. Katakanlah: "Mengapa kamu dahulu membunuh nabi-nabi Allah jika benar kamu orang-orang yang beriman?"

Perikop: QS 5:87-91 Sikap orang Yahudi terhadap para rasul dan kitab-kitab yang diturunkan Allah

C. TAFSIR (1)
Al-Jalalayn
... yet it is the truth (wa-huwa’l-haqqu is a circumstantial qualifier) confirming (musaddiqan, a second circumstantial qualifier for emphasis) what is with them. Say, to them: ‘Why then were you slaying the prophets of God formerly, if you were believers?’ in the Torah and in it you were forbidden to kill them: this address, concerning what their forefathers did, is directed towards those present at the time of our Prophet, on account of their approval of it [that is, of what the forefathers had done].

Ibn Kathir
... (it is the truth confirming what is with them). This means that since what was sent to Muhammad conforms to what was revealed to the People of the Book, then this fact constitutes a proof against them. Similarly, Allah said, (Those to whom We gave the Scripture (Jews and Christians) recognize him (Muhammad ) as they recognize their sons) (2:146). Allah said next, ("Why then have you killed the Prophets of Allah aforetime, if you indeed have been believers''). This means, "If your claim that you believe in what was revealed to you is true, then why did you kill the Prophets who came to you affirming the Tawrah's Law, although you knew they were true Prophets You killed them simply out of transgression, stubbornness and injustice with Allah's Messengers. Therefore, you only follow your lusts, opinions and desires.'' Similarly, Allah said, (Is it that whenever there came to you a Messenger with what you yourselves desired not, you grew arrogant Some you disbelieved and some you killed.) ...

Ibn ‘Abbâs
(And when it is said unto them) i.e. the Jews: (Believe in that which Allah hath revealed) meaning: the Qur'an, (they say: We believe in that which was revealed unto us) i.e. the Torah. (And they disbelieve in that which cometh after it) other than the Torah, (though it is the Truth) i.e. the Qur'an is the Truth (confirming) affirming the Oneness of Allah (that which they possess) of the Book. ...

Tabari (2)
The Interpretation of Wa-Huwa L-Haqqu Musaddiqan Li-Ma Ma'a-Hum
The book which He sent down to His prophet, which is other than the scripture which was sent down to them, is the truth confirming the scripture that they have (Al-Suddi, 1559). And He means by that the Quran which He sent down to Muhammad

D. PEMBAHASAN
QS 2:91 menyatakan penolakan Yahudi untuk "beriman" kepada Muhammad dan Quran. Menarik untuk dicermati bahwa Kathir menafsirkan ayat tersebut terkait dengan 'klaim' nubuat Muhammad yang ada dalam Taurat dan Injil yang dipegang oleh mereka. Sedangkan Jalalayn dan Abbas hanya menyebutkan bahwa penolakan Yahudi adalah terkait dengan pembangkangan Yahudi yang sudah menjadi 'kebiasaaan' ketika ada 'nabi' datang kepada mereka.

Ayat 89 menyebutkan "... padahal sebelumnya mereka biasa memohon (kedatangan Nabi) untuk mendapat kemenangan atas orang-orang kafir, ..."

Anda perlu melihat asbabun nuzul ayat 89 untuk bisa memahami gambaran besar dari ayat 91 ini: Asbab Al-Nuzul by Al-Wahidi (3)
("though before that they were asking for a signal triumph over those who disbelieved") [2:89]. Said Ibn 'Abbas: "The Jews of Khaybar were at war with Ghatafan, and whenever the two parties used to meet, Khaybar ended up in defeat. For this reason they devised the following supplication: 'O Allah! We beseech You by the truth of the unlettered Prophet whom You promised to send forth to us at the end of time to give us victory over them'. And so whenever they said this supplication, Ghatafan was defeated. But when the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, was sent forth, they disbelieved in him. It is due to this that Allah, exalted is He, revealed ("though before that they were asking for a signal triumph over those who disbelieved) i.e. by means of you, O Muhammad, up to His saying (The curse of Allah is on disbelievers)". And al-Suddi said: "The Arabs used to pass by the Jews and expose the latter to some harm. The Jews knew the description of Muhammad in the Torah and used to ask Allah to send him so that they could fight with him against the Arabs. When Muhammad, Allah bless him and give him peace, came to them, they disbelieved in him out of resentful envy. They said: 'all the messengers were from the descendents of Jacob, how is it that this one is a descendent of Ishmael?' "

Jadi, menurut Quran, Yahudi memang meminta pernyataan tentang kedatangan seorang nabi sebagaimana apa yang tertulis dalam kitab Taurat. Ayat 91 (dan perikop ayat terkait) adalah pernyataan Muhammad untuk 'mengklaim' hal tersebut: MEMBENARKAN APA YANG ADA PADA MEREKA, artinya membenarkan bahwa nubuat kenabian tersebut sudah hadir dalam diri Muhammad.

Anda harus membaca tulisan ini untuk memahami maksud Theos, baca (4):
Yahudi dan Nasrani yang Membaca Taurat dan Injil dengan Bacaan yang Haq | QS 2:121 - Yatluunahu Haqqa Tilaawatihi

MEMBANDINGKAN PEMAHAMAN UMAT ISLAM TENTANG QS 2:91 - SUATU KESIMPULAN DASAR
Umat Islam pada umumnya mengklaim bahwa QS 2:91 (atau semua ayat tentang kalimat "Quran membenarkan Taurat dan Injil") ditujukan sebagai pernyataan bahwa Quran "merevisi" kitab-kitab sebelumnya. Ini tentu suatu kebodohan karena tidak memahami maksud ayat saat ayat tersebut diturunkan kali pertamanya. Jika Anda cermat membaca, persoalannya bukan itu (bukan tentang "merevisi" Taurat dan Injil"). Justru sebaliknya. Persoalannya adalah antara Yahudi (dan Nasrani) yang menolak kenabian Muhammad dan Yahudi (dan Nasrani) yang menerima kenabian Muhammad (jika merujuk pada QS 2:121) dengan berdasarkan kitab Taurat dan Injil yang ada pada mereka saat itu (kata dasar sa-dal-qaf saja tidak pernah dipakai untuk arti "merevisi", melainkan menyatakan bahwa apa yang ada itu benar).

Ini murni masalah Yahudi dan Nasrani men-tafsir teks kitab Taurat dan Injil yang eksis - ada di zaman Muhammad kala itu. Yahudi dan Nasrani macam Abdul Salam dkk yang mengimani "tafsir" terhadap teks Taurat dan Injil bahwa ada nubuat Muhammad di sana, maka mereka menjadi Islam. Sedangkan Yahudi dan Nasrani yang menolak 'tafsir' nubuat Muhammad dalam Taurat dan Injil tidak mengikuti ajaran Muhammad dan Quran. Samalah seperti Anda yang Kristen hari ini melihat klaim-klaim nubuat Muhammad ada di Taurat dan Injil dan Anda berkata: "Ngarang koe nduk, Ngemis aja sampeyan!"

Ustad Anda yang menyebut QS 2:91 menyatakan bahwa Quran merevisi Taurat dan Injil itu sekolahnya di mana? Pesantren Kilat?

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Footnote
(1) http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/2.91
(2) Tabari Vol 1, hlm. 452 https://islaambooks.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/the-commentary-on-the-quran-volume-i-tafsir-al-tabari.pdf
(3) http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/2.89
(4) https://kristengagalmurtad.blogspot.com/2018/09/yahudi-nasrani-yang-membaca-taurat-dan-injil-dengan-bacaan-yang-haq.html