Millah Ibrahim: Semua Makanan Halal Sebelum Taurat Diturunkan | QS 3:93 - Kullu Alththha'aami Kaana Hillan Libanii Israa-Iila Illaa Maa Harrama Israa-Iilu 'Alaa Nafsihi Min Qabli An Tunazzala Alttawraatu

A. PENGANTAR

Tahukah Anda bahwa di zaman Ibrahim tidak ada hukum halal haramnya makanan? Di zaman Ibrahim, semua makanan boleh di makan, semua halal. Penetapan hukum haram dan halalnya makanan baru terjadi di zaman Taurat diturunkan.

B. DALIL QURAN

QS 3:93 (Ali Imran - Keluarga Imran, Urutan Turun Quran: 89, Madaniyah)
KULLU ALTHTHHA'AAMI KAANA HILLAN LIBANII ISRAA-IILA ILLAA MAA HARRAMA ISRAA-IILU 'ALAA NAFSIHI MIN QABLI AN TUNAZZALA ALTTAWRAATU qul fa/tuu bialttawraati fautluuhaa in kuntum shaadiqiina
SEMUA MAKANAN ADALAH HALAL BAGI BANI ISRAIL MELAINKAN MAKANAN YANG DIHARAMKAN OLEH ISRAIL (YA'QUB) UNTUK DIRINYA SENDIRI SEBELUM TAURAT DITURUNKAN. Katakanlah: "(Jika kamu mengatakan ada makanan yang diharamkan sebelum turun Taurat), maka bawalah Taurat itu, lalu bacalah dia jika kamu orang-orang yang benar".

C. ASBABUN NUZUL (1)

Asbab Al-Nuzul by Al-Wahidi
(All food was lawful unto the Children of Israel") [3:93]. Said Abu Rawq and al-Kalbi: "This was revealed when the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, said: "We follow the religion of Abraham". The Jews responded to this by saying: "How can this be so when you eat the meat of camels and drink their milk". He said: "That was lawful for Abraham and so we make it lawful too". The Jews said: "Everything that we take for unlawful today was unlawful to Noah and Abraham and so on and so forth until our time". To refute them, Allah, exalted is He, revealed (All food was lawful unto the Children of Israel")".

D. TAFSIR (2)

Jalalayn
When the Jews said to the Prophet, ‘You claim that you follow the creed of Abraham, but Abraham did not eat camel’s meat nor drink its milk’, the following was revealed: ALL FOOD WAS LAWFUL TO THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL SAVE WHAT ISRAEL, JACOB, FORBADE FOR HIMSELF, NAMELY, CAMELS: WHEN HE WAS AFFLICTED WITH SCIATICA (‘IRQ AL-NASĀ), HE MADE A VOW THAT IF HE WERE CURED HE WOULD NOT EAT OF IT AGAIN, AND SO IT WAS FORBIDDEN HIM; BEFORE THE TORAH WAS REVEALED, WHICH WAS AFTER THE TIME OF ABRAHAM, AS IT WAS NOT UNLAWFUL IN HIS TIME, AS THEY CLAIMED. Say, to them: ‘Bring the Torah now, and recite it, so that the truth of what you say may become clear, if you are truthful’, in what you say; they were stupified and did not bring it [the Torah]. God, exalted be He, then said:

Ibn Al Kathir
The Questions that the Jews Asked Our Prophet
Imam Ahmad recorded that Ibn `Abbas said, "A group of Jews came to Allah's Prophet and said, `Talk to us about some things we will ask you and which only a Prophet would know.' He said, `Ask me about whatever you wish. However, give your pledge to Allah, similar to the pledge that Ya`qub took from his children, that if I tell you something and you recognize its truth, you will follow me in Islam.' They said, `Agreed.' The Prophet said, `Ask me about whatever you wish.' They said, `Tell us about four matters: 1. What kinds of food did Isra'il prohibit for himself 2. What about the sexual discharge of the woman and the man, and what role does each play in producing male or female offspring 3. Tell us about the condition of the unlettered Prophet during sleep, 4. And who is his Wali (supporter) among the angels' The Prophet took their covenant that they will follow him if he answers these questions, and they agreed. He said, `I ask you by He Who sent down the Tawrah to Musa, do you not know that Isra'il once became very ill When his illness was prolonged, he vowed to Allah that if He cures His illness, he would prohibit the best types of drink and food for himself. Was not the best food to him camel meat and the best drink camel milk' They said, `Yes, by Allah.' The Messenger said, `O Allah, be Witness against them.' The Prophet then said, `I ask you by Allah, other than Whom there is no deity (worthy of worship), Who sent down the Tawrah to Musa, do you not know that man's discharge is thick and white and woman's is yellow and thin If any of these fluids becomes dominant, the offspring will take its sex and resemblance by Allah's leave. Hence, if the man's is more than the woman's, the child will be male, by Allah's leave. If the woman's discharge is more than the man's, then the child will be female, by Allah's leave.' They said, `Yes.' He said, `O Allah, be Witness against them.' He then said, `I ask you by He Who sent down the Tawrah to Musa, do you not know that the eyes of this unlettered Prophet sleep, but his heart does not sleep' They said, `Yes, by Allah!' He said, `O Allah, be Witness.' They said, `Tell us now about your Wali among the angels, for this is when we either follow or shun you.' He said, `My Wali (who brings down the revelation from Allah) is Jibril, and Allah never sent a Prophet, but Jibril is his Wali.' They said, `We then shun you. Had you a Wali other than Jibril, we would have followed you.' On that, Allah, the Exalted revealed, (Say: "Whoever is an enemy to Jibril...'') 2:97.'' Allah's statement, (BEFORE THE TAWRAH WAS REVEALED) 3:93, MEANS, ISRA'IL FORBADE THAT FOR HIMSELF BEFORE THE TAWRAH WAS REVEALED. There are two objectives behind revealing this segment of the Ayah. First, he forbade himself the most delightful things for Allah's sake. This practice was allowed during his period of Law, and is, thus, suitable that it is mentioned after Allah's statement, (By no means shall you attain Al-Birr, unless you spend of that which you love) 3: 92. What we are allowed in our Law is to spend in Allah's obedience from what we like and covet but not to prohibit what Allah has allowed. Allah said in other Ayat; (And gives his wealth, in spite of love for it,) 2:177, and; (And they give food, in spite of their love for it,) 76:8.
The second reason is that after Allah refuted the false Christian beliefs and allegations about `Isa and his mother. Allah started refuting the Jews here, may Allah curse them, by stating that the abrogation of the Law, that they denied occurs, already occurred in their Law. FOR INSTANCE, ALLAH HAS STATED IN THEIR BOOK, THE TAWRAH, THAT WHEN NUH DEPARTED FROM THE ARK, ALLAH ALLOWED HIM TO EAT THE MEAT OF ALL TYPES OF ANIMALS. AFTERWARDS, ISRA'IL FORBADE THE MEAT AND MILK OF CAMELS FOR HIMSELF, AND HIS CHILDREN IMITATED THIS PRACTICE AFTER HIM. THE TAWRAH LATER ON PROHIBITED THIS TYPE OF FOOD, AND ADDED SEVERAL MORE TYPES OF PROHIBITIONS. Allah allowed Adam to marry his daughters to his sons, and this practice was later forbidden. The Law of Ibrahim allowed the man to take female servants as companions along with his wife, as Ibrahim did when he took Hajar, while he was married to Sarah. Later on, the Tawrah prohibited this practice. It was previously allowed to take two sisters as wives at the same time, as Ya`qub married two sisters at the same time. Later on, this practice was prohibited in the Tawrah. All these examples are in the Tawrah and constitute a Naskh (abrogation) of the Law. Therefore, let the Jews consider what Allah legislated for `Isa and if such legislation falls under the category of abrogation or not. Why do they not then follow `Isa in this regard Rather, the Jews defied and rebelled against `Isa and against the correct religion that Allah sent Muhammad with. This is why Allah said, (All food was lawful to the Children of Israel, except what Isra'il made unlawful for himself before the Tawrah was revealed) 3:93 MEANING, BEFORE THE TAWRAH WAS REVEALED, ALL TYPES OF FOODS WERE ALLOWED, EXCEPT WHAT ISRA'IL PROHIBITED FOR HIMSELF. ALLAH THEN SAID, (Say: "Bring here the Tawrah and recite it, if you are truthful.''), for the Tawrah affirms what we are stating here.

Ibn ‘Abbâs
(All food was lawful unto the Children of Israel) all food that is lawful for Muhammad and his community today was lawful for the Children of Israel, the sons of Jacob, (save that which Israel) JACOB (FORBADE HIMSELF) BY THE WAY OF VOWS, ((IN DAYS) BEFORE THE TORAH WAS REVEALED) BEFORE THE REVELATION OF THE TORAH TO MOSES, JACOB FORBADE HIMSELF THE MEAT AND MILK OF CAMELS. When this verse was revealed, the Prophet (pbuh) asked the Jews: "What did Jacob forbid himself of food?" THEY SAID: "HE DID NOT FORBID HIMSELF ANY TYPE OF FOOD, AND WHATEVER IS FORBIDDEN FOR US TODAY, SUCH AS THE MEAT OF CAMELS AND OTHER THINGS, WAS ALREADY FORBIDDEN ON ALL PROPHETS, FROM ADAM TO MOSES (PBUT). IT IS ONLY YOU WHO MAKE SUCH THINGS LAWFUL". AND THEY CLAIMED THOSE THINGS WERE ALSO FORBIDDEN IN THE TORAH. Hence Allah said to Muhammad (pbuh): (Say) to them: (Produce the Torah and read it (unto us)) where they are made forbidden (if ye are truthful) in your claim. But they failed to produce the Torah and knew they were liars since there was nothing in the Torah to substantiate their claim.

E. PEMBAHASAN

Berdasarkan tafsir yang sudah kita baca bersama, kita mengetahui bahwa QS 3:93 turun dilatarbelakangi oleh pertanyaan Yahudi di zaman nabi Muhammad yang mengkritisi Nabi Muhammad (yang mengaku mengikuti agama Ibrahim) ketika beliau menghalalkan memakan suatu makanan yang dianggap oleh Yahudi tersebut justru makanan itu diharamkan sejak zaman Ibrahim. QS 3:93 turun untuk menunjukkan bahwa pernyataan Yahudi di zaman Muhammad ini salah, karena di zaman sebelum Taurat diturunkan belum ada hukum pengharaman makanan (seperti argumen Yahudi dalam asbabun nuzul), melainkan semua makanan adalah halal bagi Ibrahim hingga ke zaman Yakub (Israil) yang kemudian mengharamkan bagian tertentu binatang untuk di makan sebelum Taurat diturunkan (yang artinya bukan aturan dari Allah sendiri).

Kesimpulannya kita menjadi mengetahui bahwa sebelum Taurat diturunkan memang tidak ada hukum pengharaman makanan bagi Nuh, Ibrahim hingga ke zaman Israil menerima Taurat. Millah Ibrahim adalah menghalalkan seluruh makanan untuk bisa di makan tanpa ada hukum pengharaman makanan.

Bnd. Kejadian 9:3-4
Segala yang bergerak, yang hidup, akan menjadi makananmu. Aku telah memberikan semuanya itu kepadamu seperti juga tumbuh-tumbuhan hijau. Hanya daging yang masih ada nyawanya, yakni darahnya, janganlah kamu makan.

Bahasan Lanjutan: Hukum Makanan Halal Haram sebagai Hukuman bagi Israil

QS 6:146 (Al-An'am - Binatang Ternak, Urutan Turun Quran: 55, Makkiyah)
wa'alaa alladziina haaduu HARRAMNAA kulla dzii zhufurin wamina albaqari waalghanami harramnaa 'alayhim syuhuumahumaa illaa maa hamalat zhuhuuruhumaa awi alhawaayaa aw maa ikhtalatha bi'azhmin DZAALIKA JAZAYNAAHUM BIBAGHYIHIM wa-innaa lashaadiquuna
Dan kepada orang-orang Yahudi, KAMI HARAMKAN segala binatang yang berkuku dan dari sapi dan domba, Kami haramkan atas mereka lemak dari kedua binatang itu, selain lemak yang melekat di punggung keduanya atau yang di perut besar dan usus atau yang bercampur dengan tulang. DEMIKIANLAH KAMI HUKUM MEREKA DISEBABKAN KEDURHAKAAN MEREKA; dan sesungguhnya Kami adalah Maha Benar.

QS 4:160 (An-Nisaa - Wanita, Urutan Turun Quran: 92, Madaniyah)
fabizhulmin mina alladziina haaduu harramnaa 'alayhim thayyibaatin uhillat lahum wabishaddihim 'an sabiili allaahi katsiiraan
Maka disebabkan kezaliman orang-orang Yahudi, kami haramkan atas (memakan makanan) yang baik-baik (yang dahulunya) dihalalkan bagi mereka, dan karena mereka banyak menghalangi (manusia) dari jalan Allah,

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Footnote
(1) http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/3.93
(2) Ibid.