Haruskah seorang beragama Yahudi dan Nasrani menjadi Islam-nya Muhammad? Jika merujuk pada QS 2:62 maka kita menemukan jawabannya: Tidak.A. PENGANTAR
B. DALIL QURAN
QS 2:62 (Al-Baqarah - Sapi Betina, Urutan Turun Quran: 87, Madaniyah)
inna alladziina aamanuu waalladziina haaduu waalnnashaaraa waalshshaabi-iina MAN AAMANA BIALLAAHI WAALYAWMI AL-AAKHIRI WA'AMILA SHAALIHAN falahum ajruhum 'inda rabbihim walaa khawfun 'alayhim walaa hum yahzanuuna
Sesungguhnya orang-orang mu'min, orang-orang Yahudi, orang-orang Nasrani dan orang-orang Shabiin, SIAPA SAJA DI ANTARA MEREKA YANG BENAR-BENAR BERIMAN KEPADA ALLAH, HARI KEMUDIAN DAN BERAMAL SALEH, mereka akan menerima pahala dari Tuhan mereka, tidak ada kekhawatiran kepada mereka, dan tidak (pula) mereka bersedih hati.
inna alladziina aamanuu waalladziina haaduu waalnnashaaraa waalshshaabi-iina MAN AAMANA BIALLAAHI WAALYAWMI AL-AAKHIRI WA'AMILA SHAALIHAN falahum ajruhum 'inda rabbihim walaa khawfun 'alayhim walaa hum yahzanuuna
Sesungguhnya orang-orang mu'min, orang-orang Yahudi, orang-orang Nasrani dan orang-orang Shabiin, SIAPA SAJA DI ANTARA MEREKA YANG BENAR-BENAR BERIMAN KEPADA ALLAH, HARI KEMUDIAN DAN BERAMAL SALEH, mereka akan menerima pahala dari Tuhan mereka, tidak ada kekhawatiran kepada mereka, dan tidak (pula) mereka bersedih hati.
Perikop QS 2:61-66
61 Pembalasan terhadap sikap dan perbuatan Bani Israil
62 Pahala orang beriman
63-66 Pembalasan terhadap Bani Israil yang melanggar perjanjian dengan Tuhan
Asbab Al-Nuzul by Al-WahidiC. ASBABUN NUZUL (1)
(Lo! Those who believe (in that which is revealed unto thee, Muhammad), and those who are Jews") [2:62].
Al-Hafiz Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad informed us> "Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Ja"far the al-Hafiz> Abu Yahya al-Razi> Sahl ibn "Uthman al-"Askari> Yahya ibn Abi Za"idah who said: "Ibn Jurayj said> "Abd Allah ibn Kuthayr> Mujahid who said:
"When Salman related to the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, the story of the monks, the Prophet told him that they will dwell in hell fire". Salman said: "The whole earth became gloomy for me, but then this verse was revealed (Lo! Those who believe (in that which is revealed unto thee, Muhammad), and those who are Jews) up to Allah"s saying (and there shall no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve), and it was as if a mountain had been lifted away from me" ".
Muhammad ibn "Abd al-"Aziz al-Marwazi informed us> Muhammad ibn al-Husayn al-Haddadi> Abu Yazid> Ishaq ibn Ibrahim> "Amr> Asbat> al-Suddi who said:
"The verse (Lo! Those who believe (in that which is revealed unto thee, Muhammad), and those who are Jews") was revealed about the monks with whom Salman al-Farisi kept company. When Salman went to see the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, he informed him about their worship and striving. He said: "O Messenger of Allah! They used to pray and fast; they believed in you and bore witness that you will be sent as a prophet". When Salman finished his praise of them, Allah"s Messenger, Allah bless him and give him peace, said: "O Salman! They are of the dwellers of hell fire". Allah then revealed (Lo! Those who believe (in that which is revealed unto thee, Muhammad), and those who are Jews) up to His saying (neither shall they grieve)".
Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ja"far informed us> Muhammad ibn "Abd Allah ibn Zakariyya"> Muhammad ibn "Abd al-Rahman al-Daghuli> Abu Bakr ibn Abi Khaythamah> "Amr ibn Hammad> Asbat> al-Suddi> Abu Malik> Abu Salih> Ibn "Abbas> Murrah> Ibn Mas"ud> also from some of the Companions of the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace: "(Lo! Those who believe (in that which is revealed unto thee, Muhammad), and those who are Jews) was revealed about Salman al-Farisi, a notable of Jundishapur; what follows this verse was revealed about the Jews".
Al-JalalaynD. TAFSIR (2)
Surely those who believe, [who believed] before, in the prophets, and those of Jewry, the Jews, and the Christians, and the Sabaeans, a Christian or Jewish sect, WHOEVER, FROM AMONG THEM, BELIEVES IN GOD AND THE LAST DAY, IN THE TIME OF OUR PROPHET, AND PERFORMS RIGHTEOUS DEEDS, ACCORDING TO THE LAW GIVEN TO HIM — THEIR WAGE, THAT IS, THE REWARD FOR THEIR DEEDS, IS WITH THEIR LORD, and no fear shall befall them, neither shall they grieve (the [singular] person of the verbs āmana, ‘believes’, and ‘amila, ‘performs’, takes account of the [singular] form of man, ‘whoever’, but in what comes afterwards [of the plural pronouns] its [plural] meaning [is taken into account]).
Ibn Abbas
... And it is also said that this means: they shall have no fear when death is slain and hell is closed. Then He mentioned those who did not believe in Moses or the other prophets, saying: (and those who are Jews) who deviated from the religion of Moses, (and Christians) those who became Christians (and Sabaeans) a Christian sect whose members shave the middle of their heads, read the Gospel, worship the angels and say: " our hearts have returned (saba'at) unto Allah ", (whoever believeth) from amongst them (in Allah and the Last Day and does right) in that which is between them and their Lord, (surely their reward is with their Lord, and there shall no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve).
Ibn Kathir (3)
Faith and doing Righteous Deeds equals Salvation in all Times After Allah described the condition - and punishment - of those who defy His commands, fall into His prohibitions and transgress set limits by committing prohibited acts, HE STATED THAT THE EARLIER NATIONS WHO WERE RIGHTEOUS AND OBEDIENT RECEIVED THE REWARDS FOR THEIR GOOD DEEDS. This shall be the case, until the Day of Judgment. Therefore, whoever follows the unlettered Messenger and Prophet shall acquire eternal happiness and shall neither fear from what will happen in the future nor become sad for what has been lost in the past. Similarly, Allah said, (No doubt! Verily, the Awliya' of Allah, no fear shall come upon them nor shall they grieve) (10:62). The angels will proclaim to the dying believers, as mentioned, (Verily, those who say: "Our Lord is Allah (alone),'' and then they stand firm, on them the angels will descend (at the time of their death) (saying): "Fear not, nor grieve! But receive the glad tidings of Paradise which you have been promised!''). (41:30)
QS 2 turun di Madinah periode paling awal. Saat itu Yahudi di Madinah memang menerima kehadiran Muhammad yang baru saja hijrah dari Mekkah. Jadi kita bisa memahami jika konteks ayat sebelum dan sesudah ayat 62 adalah suatu flashback kisah tempo dulu tentang Israil yang memberontak. Ini artinya Muhammad sedang mengajar agar Israil di Madinah (dan kaum muhajirin pada umumnya) bisa menerima dirinya sebagai nabi.E. PEMBAHASAN
Menarik untuk mencermati dua kisah yang berbeda dalam asbabun nuzul. Tokoh yang sama (Salman Al Farisi) tetapi menyajikan dua nuansa yang berbeda. Yang disebut paling awal (asbabun nuzul) mengkaitkan dengan masa lampau sekali; kepada orang-orang yang sudah mati di zaman nabi sebelum Muhammad. Akan tetapi jika Anda membaca yang di tengah, maka mudah menyadari bahwa Al Farisi menanyakan tentang nasib kawan-kawannya yang Yahudi (dan Nasrani?) di zaman Muhammad hidup yang tidak masuk Islam.
Theos sepakat dengan teori bahwa Yahudi dan Nasrani di zaman Muhammad itu sebenarnya menerima dan ikut senang bahwa kini umat tak berkitab (kaum ummiy, yaitu Arab) sudah memiliki seorang pemberi peringatan, yaitu Muhammad. Theos meragukan bahwa penerimaan mereka terhadap Muhammad membuat mereka pindah jadi Islam. Ini ada dalil Qurannya dalam ayat lain (QS 2:91 "Kami hanya beriman kepada apa yang diturunkan kepada kami"). Jadi memang mereka ikut senang saja. Bukan tidak beriman, melainkan menetap pada apa yang telah diturunkan bagi mereka (Taurat dan Injil).
Theos kutip ulang:
"The verse (Lo! Those who believe (in that which is revealed unto thee, Muhammad), and those who are Jews") was revealed about the monks with whom Salman al-Farisi kept company. When Salman went to see the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, he informed him about their worship and striving. He said: "O Messenger of Allah! They used to pray and fast; they believed in you and bore witness that you will be sent as a prophet". When Salman finished his praise of them, Allah"s Messenger, Allah bless him and give him peace, said: "O Salman! They are of the dwellers of hell fire". Allah then revealed (Lo! Those who believe (in that which is revealed unto thee, Muhammad), and those who are Jews) up to His saying (neither shall they grieve)".
Lihat reaksi Muhammad setelah Salman bercerita: "O Salman! They are of the dwellers of hell fire". Itu indikasi bahwa yang Theos sebut di atas tadi benar. Yahudi yang menetap pada Taurat dan tidak masuk Islam meskipun mereka ikut senang (pada awalnya) tentang adanya nabi bagi kaum ummiy. Karena sikap Muhammad yang menyebut Yahudi dan Nasrani di zaman Muhammad yang tidak mengikuti agama Islam sebagai "penghuni neraka" itulah ayat 62 turun.
Allah Swt mengingatkan bahwa bukan "apa nama agamanya" yang lebih utama, melainkan iman mereka pada hal-hal berikut ini:
(a) Iman pada Allah
(b) Hari Kemudian
(c) Amal saleh
Tiga hal tersebut tanpa harus masuk Islam pun telah ada pada ajaran-ajaran sebelum yang dibawa oleh Muhammad. Dan Allah Swt mengingatkan hal itu dalam QS 2:62.
Beralih ke tafsir ...
Coba Anda perhatikan kalimat Jalalayn ini: "... in the time of our Prophet, and performs righteous deeds, according to the Law given to him ..." See. Mendukung apa yang sudah Theos sebut tadikan.
Theos mau menambahkan satu tafsir yang terlupakan di atas. Qushairi (4).
... The diversity of [religious] paths in spite of the unity of the source does not prevent a goodly acceptance [for all]. For anyone who affirms the Real (s) in His signs and believes in what He has told concerning His Truth and Attributes, the dissimilarity of [religious] laws and diversity occurring in name[s] is not a problem in considering who merits [God's] good pleasure. ...
Makin terbuka.
QS 2:91, QS 2:62 Antara Penerimaan Nabi Kaum Ummiy dan Penolakan
QS 62:2 (Al-Jumu'ah - Hari Jumat, Urutan Turun Quran: 110, Madaniyah)
HUWALLADZII BA'ATSA FII L-UMMIYYIINA RASUULAN MINHUM yatluu 'alayhim aayaatihi wayuzakkiihim wayu'allimuhumu lkitaaba walhikmata wa-in kaanuu min qablu lafii dhalaalin mubiin
DIA-LAH YANG MENGUTUS KEPADA KAUM YANG BUTA HURUF SEORANG RASUL DI ANTARA MEREKA, yang membacakan ayat-ayat-Nya kepada mereka, mensucikan mereka dan mengajarkan mereka Kitab dan Hikmah (As Sunnah). Dan sesungguhnya mereka sebelumnya benar-benar dalam kesesatan yang nyata,
QS 2:91 (Al-Baqarah - Sapi Betina, Urutan Turun Quran: 87, Madaniyah)
wa-idzaa qiila lahum aaminuu bimaa anzala allaahu qaaluu NU/MINU BIMAA UNZILA 'ALAYNAA wayakfuruuna bimaa waraa-ahu wahuwa alhaqqu mushaddiqan limaa ma'ahum qul falima taqtuluuna anbiyaa-a allaahi min qablu in kuntum mu/miniina
Dan apabila dikatakan kepada mereka: "Berimanlah kepada Al Qur'an yang diturunkan Allah," mereka berkata: "KAMI HANYA BERIMAN KEPADA APA YANG DITURUNKAN KEPADA KAMI". Dan mereka kafir kepada Al Qur'an yang diturunkan sesudahnya, sedang Al Qur'an itu adalah (Kitab) yang hak; yang membenarkan apa yang ada pada mereka. Katakanlah: "Mengapa kamu dahulu membunuh nabi-nabi Allah jika benar kamu orang-orang yang beriman?"
HUWALLADZII BA'ATSA FII L-UMMIYYIINA RASUULAN MINHUM yatluu 'alayhim aayaatihi wayuzakkiihim wayu'allimuhumu lkitaaba walhikmata wa-in kaanuu min qablu lafii dhalaalin mubiin
DIA-LAH YANG MENGUTUS KEPADA KAUM YANG BUTA HURUF SEORANG RASUL DI ANTARA MEREKA, yang membacakan ayat-ayat-Nya kepada mereka, mensucikan mereka dan mengajarkan mereka Kitab dan Hikmah (As Sunnah). Dan sesungguhnya mereka sebelumnya benar-benar dalam kesesatan yang nyata,
QS 2:91 (Al-Baqarah - Sapi Betina, Urutan Turun Quran: 87, Madaniyah)
wa-idzaa qiila lahum aaminuu bimaa anzala allaahu qaaluu NU/MINU BIMAA UNZILA 'ALAYNAA wayakfuruuna bimaa waraa-ahu wahuwa alhaqqu mushaddiqan limaa ma'ahum qul falima taqtuluuna anbiyaa-a allaahi min qablu in kuntum mu/miniina
Dan apabila dikatakan kepada mereka: "Berimanlah kepada Al Qur'an yang diturunkan Allah," mereka berkata: "KAMI HANYA BERIMAN KEPADA APA YANG DITURUNKAN KEPADA KAMI". Dan mereka kafir kepada Al Qur'an yang diturunkan sesudahnya, sedang Al Qur'an itu adalah (Kitab) yang hak; yang membenarkan apa yang ada pada mereka. Katakanlah: "Mengapa kamu dahulu membunuh nabi-nabi Allah jika benar kamu orang-orang yang beriman?"
Apa yang sebetulnya ditolak oleh Yahudi (dan Nasrani) dari kenabian Muhammad? Islam umumnya hanya mengandalkan usaha keras mereka untuk bercocokologi adanya nubuat kenabian Muhammad di dalam Taurat dan Injil. Padahal penolakan Yahudi dan Nasrani di zaman Muhammad terhadap kenabiannya adalah lebih dalam daripada hanya sekedar "namanya dan deskripsinya tertulis di dalam Taurat dan Injil".
Mengapa Muhammad ditolak oleh Yahudi yang sejati? Karena Yahudi sejati tahu bahwa kenabian yang dinantikan oleh mereka adalah nabi yang berasal dari garis keturunan Daud, sesuai dengan apa yang tertulis di dalam Taurat. Dengan kata lain, memaksakan Muhammad adalah nabi yang dinantikan oleh Yahudi adalah memaksakan Yahudi untuk melanggar Taurat mereka sendiri.
Hal ini dinyatakan dan dikutip oleh Qurtubi dalam tafsirnya (5) yang menyebutkan suatu kisah:
You are well aware of those of you who broke the Sabbath.
An-Nasa'i related that Safwan ibn 'Assal reported that a Jew said to his friend, "Let us go to this Prophet." His friend said, "Do not say 'Prophet'! He might hear you. He has four eyes!" They went to the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and asked him for seven clear commandments and He told them, "Do not associate anything with Allah; do not steal; do not fornicate; do not kill anyone Allah has made inviolate, unless with a legal right; do not slander an innocent person to a ruler; do not use magic; do not consume usury; do not slander chaste women; and do not turn your backs in retreat when the fighting is fierce. And, as Jews, you have one specially for you: that you do not profane the Sabbath." They kissed his hands and feet and said, "We testify that you are a Prophet!" HE ASKED, "WHAT PREVENTS YOU FROM FOLLOWING ME, THEN?" THEY REPLIED, "DA'UD PRAYED THAT THE LINE OF PROPHETS WOULD CONTINUE TO BE FROM HIS DESCENDANTS AND WE FEAR THAT IF WE FOLLOW YOU, THE OTHER JEWS WILL KILL US." (at-Tirmidhl)
QS 2:62 adalah cara Allah menghardik Muhammad yang menyebut Yahudi dan Nasrani di zaman Muhammad yang tidak masuk Islam sebagai "penghuni neraka". Ajaran yang mengharuskan umat Yahudi dan Nasrani "harus masuk Islam" agar disebut "beriman dan selamat" (dalam perspektif Islam) tidak sesuai dengan QS 2:62. Yahudi tidak menolak kenabian Muhammad bagi kaum ummiy (QS 62:2), yang ditolak adalah memaksakan bahwa nabi Muhammad agar diterima Yahudi sesuai apa yang tertulis di Taurat (QS 2:91 yaitu penantian terhadap Mesias keturunan Daud).F. KESIMPULAN
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Footnote
(1) http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/2.62
(2) Ibid.
(3) http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=372
(4) http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/2.62
(5) Tafsir Qurtubi vol. 1, hlm. 270-271, QS 2:65 http://shaykhjibril.com/books/Tafsir%20al%20Qurtubi%20-%20Vol%20I.pdf