Hukum Islam berdasarkan pada Quran (dan hadist). Di dalam Quran telah diatur tata-cara taqiyya dengan konteks yang spesifik sehingga taqiyya menjadi jalan pilihan yang memang bisa diambil oleh seorang Islam.A. PENGANTAR
B. DALIL QURAN
QS 3:28 (Ali Imran - Keluarga Imran, Urutan Turun Quran: 89, Madaniyah)
laa yattakhidzi almu/minuuna alkaafiriina awliyaa-a min duuni almu/miniina waman yaf'al dzaalika falaysa mina allaahi fii syay-in ILLAA AN TATTAQUU MINHUM TUQAATAN wayuhadzdzirukumu allaahu nafsahu wa-ilaa allaahi almashiiru
Janganlah orang-orang mu'min mengambil orang-orang kafir menjadi wali dengan meninggalkan orang-orang mu'min. Barang siapa berbuat demikian, niscaya lepaslah ia dari pertolongan Allah, KECUALI KARENA (SIASAT) MEMELIHARA DIRI DARI SESUATU YANG DITAKUTI DARI MEREKA. Dan Allah memperingatkan kamu terhadap diri (siksa)-Nya. Dan hanya kepada Allah kembali (mu).
QS 16:106 (An-Nahl - Lebah, Urutan Turun Quran: 70, Makkiyah)
man kafara biallaahi min ba'di iimaanihi ILLAA MAN UKRIHA WAQALBUHU MUTHMA-INNUN BIAL-IIMAANI walaakin man syaraha bialkufri shadran fa'alayhim ghadhabun mina allaahi walahum 'adzaabun 'azhiimun
Barangsiapa yang kafir kepada Allah sesudah dia beriman (dia mendapat kemurkaan Allah), kecuali ORANG YANG DIPAKSA KAFIR PADAHAL HATINYA TETAP TENANG DALAM BERIMAN (DIA TIDAK BERDOSA), akan tetapi orang yang melapangkan dadanya untuk kekafiran, maka kemurkaan Allah menimpanya dan baginya azab yang besar.
laa yattakhidzi almu/minuuna alkaafiriina awliyaa-a min duuni almu/miniina waman yaf'al dzaalika falaysa mina allaahi fii syay-in ILLAA AN TATTAQUU MINHUM TUQAATAN wayuhadzdzirukumu allaahu nafsahu wa-ilaa allaahi almashiiru
Janganlah orang-orang mu'min mengambil orang-orang kafir menjadi wali dengan meninggalkan orang-orang mu'min. Barang siapa berbuat demikian, niscaya lepaslah ia dari pertolongan Allah, KECUALI KARENA (SIASAT) MEMELIHARA DIRI DARI SESUATU YANG DITAKUTI DARI MEREKA. Dan Allah memperingatkan kamu terhadap diri (siksa)-Nya. Dan hanya kepada Allah kembali (mu).
QS 16:106 (An-Nahl - Lebah, Urutan Turun Quran: 70, Makkiyah)
man kafara biallaahi min ba'di iimaanihi ILLAA MAN UKRIHA WAQALBUHU MUTHMA-INNUN BIAL-IIMAANI walaakin man syaraha bialkufri shadran fa'alayhim ghadhabun mina allaahi walahum 'adzaabun 'azhiimun
Barangsiapa yang kafir kepada Allah sesudah dia beriman (dia mendapat kemurkaan Allah), kecuali ORANG YANG DIPAKSA KAFIR PADAHAL HATINYA TETAP TENANG DALAM BERIMAN (DIA TIDAK BERDOSA), akan tetapi orang yang melapangkan dadanya untuk kekafiran, maka kemurkaan Allah menimpanya dan baginya azab yang besar.
◾ ASBABUN NUZUL & TAFSIR QS 3:28 (1)C. ASBABUN NUZUL & TAFSIR
Asbab Al-Nuzul by Al-Wahidi
(Let not the believers take disbelievers for their friends in preference to believers") [3:28]. Said Ibn 'Abbas: "A group of Jews including al-Hajjaj ibn 'Amr, Kahmas ibn Abi al-Huqayq and Qays ibn Zayd used to keep close company with a group of Helpers to try to make them renounce their religion. And so a group of people comprising Rifa'ah ibn al-Mundhir, 'Abd Allah ibn Jubayr and Sa'id ibn Khaythamah said to this group of Helpers: 'Stay away from these Jews and beware of keeping their company lest they drive you away from your religion'. The group of Helpers refused to stop seeing them or keep their company, and so Allah, exalted is He, revealed this verse". And al-Kalbi said: "This verse was revealed about the hypocrites: 'Abd Allah ibn Ubayy and his companions. They allied themselves with the Jews and the idolaters, supplying them with information, hoping that they would have the upper hand over the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace. And so Allah, exalted is He, revealed this verse, warning the believers against acting like them". Juwaybir reported from al-Dahhak that Ibn 'Abbas said: "This verse was revealed about 'Ubadah ibn al-Samit who was among those who took part in Badr and a trusted man. He had allies from among the Jews. And when the Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, marched to the Battle of the Confederates, 'Ubadah said: 'O Prophet of Allah! I have with me five hundred men from the Jews, and I am of the opinion to take them with me to impress the enemy. Because of this, Allah, exalted is He, revealed (Let not the believers take disbelievers for their friends in preference to believers)' ".
Jalalayn
Let not the believers take the disbelievers as patrons, rather than, that is, instead of, the believers — for whoever does that, that is, [whoever] takes them as patrons, does not belong to, the religion of, God in anyway — UNLESS YOU PROTECT YOURSELVES AGAINST THEM, AS A SAFEGUARD (TUQĀTAN, ‘AS A SAFEGUARD’, IS THE VERBAL NOUN FROM TAQIYYATAN), that is to say, [unless] you fear something, in which case you may show patronage to them through words, but not in your hearts: this was before the hegemony of Islam and [the dispensation] applies to any individual residing in a land with no say in it. God warns you, He instills fear in you, of His Self, [warning] that He may be wrathful with you if you take them as patrons; and to God is the journey’s end, the return, and He will requite you.
Ibn Kathir
... (And those who disbelieve are allies of one another, (and) if you do not behave the same, there will be Fitnah and oppression on the earth, and a great mischief and corruption.) 8:73. Allah said next, (unless you indeed fear a danger from them) meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly. For instance, AL-BUKHARI RECORDED THAT ABU AD-DARDA' SAID, "WE SMILE IN THE FACE OF SOME PEOPLE ALTHOUGH OUR HEARTS CURSE THEM.'' AL-BUKHARI SAID THAT AL-HASAN SAID, "THE TUQYAH IS ALLOWED UNTIL THE DAY OF RESURRECTION.'' ...
◾ ASBABUN NUZUL & TAFSIR QS 16:106 (2)
Asbab Al-Nuzul by Al-Wahidi
(Whoso disbelieveth in Allah after his belief") [16:106]. Said Ibn 'Abbas: "This verse was revealed about 'Ammar ibn Yasir. The idolaters had taken him away along with his father Yasir, his mother Sumayyah, Suhayb [al-Rumi], Bilal [ibn Rabah], Khabbab [ibn al-Aratt] and Salim [the client of Hudhayfah] and tortured them. As for Sumayyah, she was tied up between two camels and stabbed with a spear in her female organ. She was told: 'You embraced Islam for the men', and was then killed. Her husband Yasir was also killed. They were the first two persons who were killed in Islam. As for 'Ammar, he was coerced to let them hear what they wanted to hear. The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, was told that 'Ammar has renounced faith, but he said: 'Never, 'Ammar is filled with faith from his head to his toes; faith is admixed with his flesh and blood!' 'Ammar then went to see the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, crying. The Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, wiped his tears with his own hand and said: 'if they return to you, let them hear again what you told them'. Then, Allah, exalted is He, revealed this verse". Mujahid said: "This verse was revealed about some Meccans who accepted faith. The Muslims of Medina wrote to them urging them to migrate and told them that they did not consider them part of them unless they migrated. And so they left Mecca intending to migrate to Medina. The Quraysh caught up with them on the way and coerced them to renounce their faith. It is about them that this verse was revealed".
Ibn Kathir
... (except one who was forced while his heart is at peace with the faith) This is an exception in the case of one who utters statements of disbelief and verbally agrees with the Mushrikin because he is forced to do so by the beatings and abuse to which he is subjected, but his heart refuses to accept what he is saying, and he is, in reality, at peace with his faith in Allah and His Messenger. The scholars agreed that if a person is forced into disbelief, it is permissible for him to either go along with them in the interests of self-preservation, or to refuse, as Bilal did when they were inflicting all sorts of torture on him, even placing a huge rock on his chest in the intense heat and telling him to admit others as partners with Allah. He refused, saying, "Alone, Alone.'' And he said, "By Allah, if I knew any word more annoying to you than this, I would say it.'' May Allah be pleased with him. Similarly, when the Liar Musaylimah asked Habib bin Zayd Al-Ansari, "Do you bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah'' He said, "Yes.'' Then Musaylimah asked, "Do you bear witness that I am the messenger of Allah'' Habib said, "I do not hear you.'' Musaylimah kept cutting him, piece by piece, but he remained steadfast insisting on his words. It is better and preferable for the Muslim to remain steadfast in his religion, even if that leads to him being killed, as was mentioned by Al-Hafiz Ibn `Asakir in his biography of `Abdullah bin Hudhafah Al-Sahmi, one of the Companions. He said that he was taken prisoner by the Romans, who brought him to their king. The king said, "Become a Christian, and I will give you a share of my kingdom and my daughter in marriage.'' `Abdullah said: "If you were to give me all that you possess and all that Arabs possess to make me give up the religion of Muhammad even for an instant, I would not do it.'' The king said, "Then I will kill you.'' `Abdullah said, "It is up to you.'' The king gave orders that he should be crucified, and commanded his archers to shoot near his hands and feet while ordering him to become a Christian, but he still refused. Then the king gave orders that he should be brought down, and that a big vessel made of copper be brought and heated up. Then, while `Abdullah was watching, one of the Muslim prisoners was brought out and thrown into it, until all that was left of him was scorched bones. The king ordered him to become a Christian, but he still refused. Then he ordered that `Abdullah be thrown into the vessel, and he was brought back to the pulley to be thrown in. `Abdullah wept, and the king hoped that he would respond to him, so he called him, but `Abdullah said, "I only weep because I have only one soul with which to be thrown into this vessel at this moment for the sake of Allah; I wish that I had as many souls as there are hairs on my body with which I could undergo this torture for the sake of Allah.'' According to some reports, the king imprisoned him and deprived him of food and drink for several days, then he sent him wine and pork, and he did not come near them. Then the king called him and asked him, "What stopped you from eating'' `Abdullah said, "It is permissible for me under these circumstances, but I did not want to give you the opportunity to gloat.'' The king said to him, "Kiss my head and I will let you go.'' `Abdullah said, "And will you release all the Muslim prisoners with me'' The king said, "Yes.'' So `Abdullah kissed his head and he released him and all the other Muslim prisoners he was holding. When he came back, `Umar bin Al-Khattab said, "Every Muslim should kiss the head of `Abdullah bin Hudhafah, and I will be the first to do so.'' And he stood up and kissed his head. May Allah be pleased with them both.
Ibn ‘Abbâs
(Whoso disbelieveth in Allah after his belief) in Him, deserves Allah's wrath (save him who is forced thereto) except the person who is coerced into disbelief (and whose heart is still content with Faith). This verse was revealed about 'Ammar Ibn Yasir (but whoso findeth ease in disbelief) whosoever utters words of disbelief willingly: (On them is wrath from Allah. Theirs will be an awful doom) the most awful torment in this worldly life. This verse was revealed about 'Abdullah Ibn Sa'd Ibn Abi Sarh.
Berdasarkan penjelasan tafsir di atas, kita menjadi mengetahui kata taqiya ini berasal dari QS 3:28, "... TUQĀTAN, ‘AS A SAFEGUARD’, IS THE VERBAL NOUN FROM TAQIYYATAN ..." (3). Taqiya memang diperbolehkan dalam syariat Islam, "... AL-BUKHARI SAID THAT AL-HASAN SAID, "THE TUQYAH IS ALLOWED UNTIL THE DAY OF RESURRECTION.'' ..."D. PEMBAHASAN
Dalam konteks yang sangat spesifik seperti persekusi (QS 16:106) ataupun karena taqiya digunakan sebagai siasat untuk mempertahankan diri dari ancaman penguasa non-Islam (QS 3:28), meskipun pada akhirnya harus menjadi seperti orang yang munafik seperti yang tergambar dalam kalimat yang ditulis Kathir (QS 3:28) dengan mengutip, "... AL-BUKHARI RECORDED THAT ABU AD-DARDA' SAID, "WE SMILE IN THE FACE OF SOME PEOPLE ALTHOUGH OUR HEARTS CURSE THEM.' ...".
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Footnote
(1) http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/3.28
(2) http://quranx.com/Tafsirs/16.106
(3) http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=wqy#(3:28:21)